IMF, World Bank Must Support Developing Countries’ Recovery

SYDNEY and KUALA LUMPUR, Apr 6 2021 (IPS) – The COVID-19 pandemic continues to take an unprecedented human and economic toll, wiping away years of modest and uneven progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Developing countries now need much more support as progress towards the SDGs was ‘’ even before the pandemic.

Anis Chowdhury

By end-2022, average incomes are expected to be 18% below pre-crisis levels in low-income countries (LICs) and 22% less in emerging and developing countries excluding China – compared to 13% lower for developed economies.

These lower incomes will push hundreds of millions into extreme poverty and hunger, surviving on incomes under US$1.90/day. The estimates the poor increased by 119–124 million in 2020, and by 143–163 million more this year.

Fiscal gap growing fast
As the has noted, “richer countries have benefited from an unprecedented $16 trillion of emergency support measures,… the least developed countries have spent 580 times less in per capita terms on their COVID-19 response”!

Last year, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and UNCTAD estimated that developing countries need about for relief to affected families and businesses, and to expedite economic recovery.

IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva later that developing countries need much more. The IMF’s estimates that only achieving access to basic services by 2030 in 121 developing countries would require US$3tn, up to half in LICs.

Most developing countries cannot do more due to financing constraints. As public spending needs shoot up, the pandemic has significantly cut their revenue. Recent found “larger output losses are experienced by countries with lower GDP per capita”, partly due to “lower fiscal stimulus”.

Jomo Kwame Sundaram

With limited tax and other revenue, developing countries will need to borrow more, increasing their already high public . As the notes, “the international community [needs] to provide additional support through grants, concessional financing, and, in some cases, debt relief”.

Too little, too late?
The Bretton Woods institutions (BWIs) – the IMF and the World Bank – must mitigate the new setbacks, by enabling relief, recovery and reform. The Fund and also the Bank have responded, sometimes innovatively, but far too slowly. Most importantly, actual support from both BWIs so far is far short of needs.

The Fund used its fund to provide relief for six months of IMF debt payments owed by 29 LICs. But last October, the IMF board a new Pandemic Support Facility with easier conditions than usual.

Although the Fund has , a quarter of its US$1 trillion lending capacity, it has only deployed a tenth of its capacity so far, according to , Ousmène Mandeng. He argues the Fund should instead offer much more support that countries need and want.

According to , since March 2020, the IMF has only disbursed US$32bn in emergency financing while offering US$74bn via other facilities, both “with more strings attached”.
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The 85 countries now receiving funds from the IMF account for only around 5% of global GDP. None of them could access the Fund’s new “short-term liquidity line” due to its stringent conditions.

BWIs must rise to the challenge
In April 2020, the Bank announced a new multi-donor trust fund, the Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Multi-Donor . This is supposed to complement the the World Bank Group had pledged to deploy by mid-2021.

Bank disbursements have been slow despite the urgency, with actual disbursements to needy countries totalling only , under half what was pledged. The Bank also its , criticised for being .

However, fast-disbursing budget support during the much deeper and more extensive pandemic crisis is than during the GFC. The Bank is no longer offering more emergency budget support.

Just as the Fund lent more in 2009 during the global financial crisis (GFC) than since the pandemic began, new Bank loan disbursements rose in the first half-year of the pandemic than during the GFC.

The Bank committed US$19.5bn to finance the G-20’s April-December 2020 Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI). Meanwhile, it has for loans owed to it, arguing this would jeopardise its credit rating and consequent ability to borrow cheap.

BWIs must become part of solution
Blocked by the Trump administration, the likely issue of US$650bn (SDRs) is still only half the SDR1tn (US$1.37tn) deemed necessary.

SDRs do not need to be repaid, and incur a very low interest rate (currently 0.05%), costing less than loans. They are often more attractive than grants, typically tied to conditions.

While the in SDRs, poor countries could benefit much more if rich countries transferred their unused SDRs to the BWIs. Besides providing debt relief, the Bank could then more long-term development finance at the lowest possible cost to borrowing countries.

As has also argued, the multilateral system needs to lend much more to developing countries at lower cost. In 2019, the on multilateral debt to LICs was 1.7%, compared to 2.5% for bilateral loans.

Private creditor rates are much higher. With ‘preferred creditor’ status (i.e., getting repaid before others), the Bank can borrow – and lend – at the lowest rates. This is most easily done by expanding Bank lending and guarantees.

Bank for recovery and development?
, mostly for poorer countries, are likely to be announced this week at the IMF and World Bank Spring meetings. As the BWIs can offer much better terms, this will certainly help, but much more is urgently needed.

Borrowing at the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development’s current 1.75% rate on a 20-year loan, total debt service in 2021 and 2022 would fall from US$90bn to US$65bn, e.g., for the G20-DSSI eligible LICs.

If all developing countries benefit, savings would be much higher, around US$285bn. But to do so, both the Fund and the Bank would need to expand their lending capacities with additional resources.

Currently, all too many developing countries are being forced to adjust by . By lowering lending costs and other demands, the BWIs can become part of the solution, rather than the problem.